21、JDK 源码：Unsafe
接下来再看一个JDK中比较特殊的类Unsafe。
一、概述
Java和C++语言的一个重要区别就是Java中我们无法直接操作一块内存区域，不能像C++中那样可以自己申请内存和释放内存。Java中的Unsafe类为我们提供了类似C++手动管理内存的能力。
Unsafe类，全限定名是sun.misc.Unsafe，从名字中我们可以看出来这个类对普通程序员来说是“危险”的，一般应用开发者不会用到这个类。它不属于Java标准。但是很多Java的基础类库，包括一些被广泛使用的高性能开发库都是基于Unsafe类开发的，比如Netty、Cassandra、Hadoop、Kafka等。Unsafe类在提升Java运行效率，增强Java语言底层操作能力方面起了很大的作用。
Unsafe类使Java拥有了像指针一样操作内存的能力，但同时也带来了指针问题。过度的使用Unsafe类会使得出错的几率变大，因此Java官方并不建议使用的，官方文档也几乎没有。Oracle正在计划从Java中去掉Unsafe类，如果真是如此影响就太大了。
二、类介绍
Unsafe类是"final"的，不允许继承。且构造函数是private的。
public final class Unsafe {
private static native void registerNatives();
static {
registerNatives();
sun.reflect.Reflection.registerMethodsToFilter(Unsafe.class, "getUnsafe");
}
private Unsafe() {}
private static final Unsafe theUnsafe = new Unsafe();
....
}
Unsafe可以通过静态方法getUnsafe()来进行实例化，源码如下：
@CallerSensitive
public static Unsafe getUnsafe() {
Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
if (!VM.isSystemDomainLoader(caller.getClassLoader()))
throw new SecurityException("Unsafe");
return theUnsafe;
}
Unsafe类做了限制，如果是普通的调用的话，它会抛出一个SecurityException异常；只有由主类加载器(BootStrap classLoader)加载的类才能调用这个类中的方法。最简单的使用方式是基于反射获取Unsafe实例。示例如下：
publice static Unsafe getUnsafe(){
try {
Field field = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
field.setAccessible(true);
Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) field.get(null);
return unsafe;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
三、常见方法介绍
1.直接内存操作。
该部分包括了allocateMemory（分配内存）、reallocateMemory（重新分配内存）、copyMemory（拷贝内存）、freeMemory（释放内存 ）、getAddress（获取内存地址）、addressSize、pageSize、getInt（获取内存地址指向的整数）、getIntVolatile（获取内存地址指向的整数，并支持volatile语义）、putInt（将整数写入指定内存地址）、putIntVolatile（将整数写入指定内存地址，并支持volatile语义）、putOrderedInt（将整数写入指定内存地址、有序或者有延迟的方法）等方法。getXXX和putXXX包含了各种基本类型的操作。
利用copyMemory方法，我们可以实现一个通用的对象拷贝方法，无需再对每一个对象都实现clone方法，当然这通用的方法只能做到对象浅拷贝。
2.非常规的对象实例化。
allocateInstance()方法提供了另一种创建实例的途径。通常我们可以用new或者反射来实例化对象，使用allocateInstance()方法可以直接生成对象实例，且无需调用构造方法和其它初始化方法。
这在对象反序列化的时候会很有用，能够重建和设置final字段，而不需要调用构造方法。
3.操作类、对象、变量。
这部分包括了staticFieldOffset（静态域偏移）、defineClass（定义类）、defineAnonymousClass（定义匿名类）、ensureClassInitialized（确保类初始化）、objectFieldOffset（对象域偏移）等方法。
通过这些方法我们可以获取对象的指针，通过对指针进行偏移，我们不仅可以直接修改指针指向的数据（即使它们是私有的），甚至可以找到JVM已经认定为垃圾、可以进行回收的对象。
4.数组操作。
这部分包括了arrayBaseOffset（获取数组第一个元素的偏移地址）、arrayIndexScale（获取数组中元素的增量地址）等方法。arrayBaseOffset与arrayIndexScale配合起来使用，就可以定位数组中每个元素在内存中的位置。
由于Java的数组最大值为Integer.MAX_VALUE，使用Unsafe类的内存分配方法可以实现超大数组。实际上这样的数据就可以认为是C数组，因此需要注意在合适的时间释放内存。
**5.多线程同步。**包括锁机制、CAS操作等。
这部分包括了monitorEnter、tryMonitorEnter、monitorExit、compareAndSwapInt、compareAndSwap等方法。
其中monitorEnter、tryMonitorEnter、monitorExit已经被标记为deprecated，不建议使用。
Unsafe类的CAS操作可能是用的最多的，它为Java的锁机制提供了一种新的解决办法，比如AtomicInteger等类都是通过该方法来实现的。compareAndSwap方法是原子的，可以避免繁重的锁机制，提高代码效率。这是一种乐观锁，通常认为在大部分情况下不出现竞态条件，如果操作失败，会不断重试直到成功。
6.线程相关。
这部分包括了park、unpark等方法。
将一个线程进行挂起是通过park方法实现的，调用 park后，线程将一直阻塞直到超时或者中断等条件出现。unpark可以终止一个挂起的线程，使其恢复正常。整个并发框架中对线程的挂起操作被封装在 LockSupport类中，LockSupport类中有各种版本pack方法，但最终都调用了Unsafe.park()方法。
7.内存屏障。
这部分包括了loadFence、storeFence、fullFence等方法。这是在Java 8新引入的，用于定义内存屏障，避免代码重排序。
loadFence() 表示该方法之前的所有load操作在内存屏障之前完成。同理storeFence()表示该方法之前的所有store操作在内存屏障之前完成。fullFence()表示该方法之前的所有load、store操作在内存屏障之前完成。
四、Unsafe的使用方法
1.使用Unsafe实例化一个类
假如我们有一个简单的类如下：
class User {
int age;
public User() {
this.age = 10;
}
}
如果我们通过构造方法实例化这个类，age属性将会返回10。
User user1 = new User();
// 打印10
System.out.println(user1.age);
如果我们调用Unsafe来实例化呢？
User user2 = (User) unsafe.allocateInstance(User.class);
// 打印0
System.out.println(user2.age);
age将返回0，因为Unsafe.allocateInstance()只会给对象分配内存，并不会调用构造方法，所以这里只会返回int类型的默认值0。
2.修改私有字段的值
public class UnsafeTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException {
Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
f.setAccessible(true);
Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) f.get(null);
User user = new User();
Field age = user.getClass().getDeclaredField("age");
unsafe.putInt(user, unsafe.objectFieldOffset(age), 20);
// 打印20
System.out.println(user.getAge());
}
}
class User {
private int age;
public User() {
this.age = 10;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
}
一旦我们通过反射调用得到字段age，我们就可以使用Unsafe将其值更改为任何其他int值。（当然，这里也可以通过反射直接修改）
3.抛出checked异常
我们知道如果代码抛出了checked异常，要不就使用try...catch捕获它，要不就在方法签名上定义这个异常，但是，通过Unsafe我们可以抛出一个checked异常，同时却不用捕获或在方法签名上定义它。
// 使用正常方式抛出IOException需要定义在方法签名上往外抛
public static void readFile() throws IOException {
throw new IOException();
}
// 使用Unsafe抛出异常不需要定义在方法签名上往外抛
public static void readFileUnsafe() {
unsafe.throwException(new IOException());
}
4.CompareAndSwap操作
JUC下面大量使用了CAS操作，它们的底层是调用的Unsafe的CompareAndSwapXXX()方法。这种方式广泛运用于无锁算法，与java中标准的悲观锁机制相比，它可以利用CAS处理器指令提供极大的加速。
比如，我们可以基于Unsafe的compareAndSwapInt()方法构建线程安全的计数器。
class Counter {
private volatile int count = 0;
private static long offset;
private static Unsafe unsafe;
static {
try {
Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
f.setAccessible(true);
unsafe = (Unsafe) f.get(null);
offset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(Counter.class.getDeclaredField("count"));
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void increment() {
int before = count;
// 失败了就重试直到成功为止
while (!unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, offset, before, before + 1)) {
before = count;
}
}
public int getCount() {
return count;
}
}
我们定义了一个volatile的字段count，以便对它的修改所有线程都可见，并在类加载的时候获取count在类中的偏移地址。
在increment()方法中，我们通过调用Unsafe的compareAndSwapInt()方法来尝试更新之前获取到的count的值，如果它没有被其它线程更新过，则更新成功，否则不断重试直到成功为止。
我们可以通过使用多个线程来测试我们的代码：
Counter counter = new Counter();
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(100);
// 起100个线程，每个线程自增10000次
IntStream.range(0, 100)
.forEach(i->threadPool.submit(()->IntStream.range(0, 10000)
.forEach(j->counter.increment())));
threadPool.shutdown();
Thread.sleep(2000);
// 打印1000000
System.out.println(counter.getCount());
五、Unsafe的使用建议
建议先看这个知乎帖子第一楼R大的回答：为什么JUC中大量使用了sun.misc.Unsafe 这个类，但官方却不建议开发者使用。
使用Unsafe要注意以下几个问题：
- 1、Unsafe有可能在未来的Jdk版本移除或者不允许Java应用代码使用，这一点可能导致使用了Unsafe的应用无法运行在高版本的Jdk。
- 2、Unsafe的不少方法中必须提供原始地址(内存地址)和被替换对象的地址，偏移量要自己计算，一旦出现问题就是JVM崩溃级别的异常，会导致整个JVM实例崩溃，表现为应用程序直接crash掉。
- 3、Unsafe提供的直接内存访问的方法中使用的内存不受JVM管理(无法被GC)，需要手动管理，一旦出现疏忽很有可能成为内存泄漏的源头。
暂时总结出以上三点问题。Unsafe在JUC(java.util.concurrent)包中大量使用(主要是CAS)，在netty中方便使用直接内存，还有一些高并发的交易系统为了提高CAS的效率也有可能直接使用到Unsafe。总而言之，Unsafe类是一把双刃剑。
六、附录
Unsafe类完整源码，来自于jdk-78d2004f65eb：
/*
* Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package sun.misc;
import java.security.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;
/**
* A collection of methods for performing low-level, unsafe operations.
* Although the class and all methods are public, use of this class is
* limited because only trusted code can obtain instances of it.
*
* @author John R. Rose
* @seegetUnsafe
*/
public final class Unsafe {
private static native void registerNatives();
static {
registerNatives();
sun.reflect.Reflection.registerMethodsToFilter(Unsafe.class, "getUnsafe");
}
private Unsafe() {}
private static final Unsafe theUnsafe = new Unsafe();
/**
* Provides the caller with the capability of performing unsafe
* operations.
*
* <p> The returned <code>Unsafe</code> object should be carefully guarded
* by the caller, since it can be used to read and write data at arbitrary
* memory addresses. It must never be passed to untrusted code.
*
* <p> Most methods in this class are very low-level, and correspond to a
* small number of hardware instructions (on typical machines). Compilers
* are encouraged to optimize these methods accordingly.
*
* <p> Here is a suggested idiom for using unsafe operations:
*
* <blockquote><pre>
* class MyTrustedClass {
* private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
* ...
* private long myCountAddress = ...;
* public int getCount() { return unsafe.getByte(myCountAddress); }
* }
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* (It may assist compilers to make the local variable be
* <code>final</code>.)
*
* @exception SecurityException if a security manager exists and its
* <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow
* access to the system properties.
*/
@CallerSensitive
public static Unsafe getUnsafe() {
Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
if (!VM.isSystemDomainLoader(caller.getClassLoader()))
throw new SecurityException("Unsafe");
return theUnsafe;
}
/// peek and poke operations
/// (compilers should optimize these to memory ops)
// These work on object fields in the Java heap.
// They will not work on elements of packed arrays.
/**
* Fetches a value from a given Java variable.
* More specifically, fetches a field or array element within the given
* object <code>o</code> at the given offset, or (if <code>o</code> is
* null) from the memory address whose numerical value is the given
* offset.
* <p>
* The results are undefined unless one of the following cases is true:
* <ul>
* <li>The offset was obtained from {@linkobjectFieldOffset} on
* the {@link java.lang.reflect.Field} of some Java field and the object
* referred to by <code>o</code> is of a class compatible with that
* field's class.
*
* <li>The offset and object reference <code>o</code> (either null or
* non-null) were both obtained via {@linkstaticFieldOffset}
* and {@linkstaticFieldBase} (respectively) from the
* reflective {@link Field} representation of some Java field.
*
* <li>The object referred to by <code>o</code> is an array, and the offset
* is an integer of the form <code>B+N*S</code>, where <code>N</code> is
* a valid index into the array, and <code>B</code> and <code>S</code> are
* the values obtained by {@linkarrayBaseOffset} and {@link
*arrayIndexScale} (respectively) from the array's class. The value
* referred to is the <code>N</code><em>th</em> element of the array.
*
* </ul>
* <p>
* If one of the above cases is true, the call references a specific Java
* variable (field or array element). However, the results are undefined
* if that variable is not in fact of the type returned by this method.
* <p>
* This method refers to a variable by means of two parameters, and so
* it provides (in effect) a <em>double-register</em> addressing mode
* for Java variables. When the object reference is null, this method
* uses its offset as an absolute address. This is similar in operation
* to methods such as {@linkgetInt(long)}, which provide (in effect) a
* <em>single-register</em> addressing mode for non-Java variables.
* However, because Java variables may have a different layout in memory
* from non-Java variables, programmers should not assume that these
* two addressing modes are ever equivalent. Also, programmers should
* remember that offsets from the double-register addressing mode cannot
* be portably confused with longs used in the single-register addressing
* mode.
*
* @param o Java heap object in which the variable resides, if any, else
* null
* @param offset indication of where the variable resides in a Java heap
* object, if any, else a memory address locating the variable
* statically
* @return the value fetched from the indicated Java variable
* @throws RuntimeException No defined exceptions are thrown, not even
* {@link NullPointerException}
*/
public native int getInt(Object o, long offset);
/**
* Stores a value into a given Java variable.
* <p>
* The first two parameters are interpreted exactly as with
* {@linkgetInt(Object, long)} to refer to a specific
* Java variable (field or array element). The given value
* is stored into that variable.
* <p>
* The variable must be of the same type as the method
* parameter <code>x</code>.
*
* @param o Java heap object in which the variable resides, if any, else
* null
* @param offset indication of where the variable resides in a Java heap
* object, if any, else a memory address locating the variable
* statically
* @param x the value to store into the indicated Java variable
* @throws RuntimeException No defined exceptions are thrown, not even
* {@link NullPointerException}
*/
public native void putInt(Object o, long offset, int x);
/**
* Fetches a reference value from a given Java variable.
* @seegetInt(Object, long)
*/
public native Object getObject(Object o, long offset);
/**
* Stores a reference value into a given Java variable.
* <p>
* Unless the reference <code>x</code> being stored is either null
* or matches the field type, the results are undefined.
* If the reference <code>o</code> is non-null, car marks or
* other store barriers for that object (if the VM requires them)
* are updated.
* @seeputInt(Object, int, int)
*/
public native void putObject(Object o, long offset, Object x);
/** @seegetInt(Object, long) */
public native boolean getBoolean(Object o, long offset);
/** @seeputInt(Object, int, int) */
public native void putBoolean(Object o, long offset, boolean x);
/** @seegetInt(Object, long) */
public native byte getByte(Object o, long offset);
/** @seeputInt(Object, int, int) */
public native void putByte(Object o, long offset, byte x);
/** @seegetInt(Object, long) */
public native short getShort(Object o, long offset);
/** @seeputInt(Object, int, int) */
public native void putShort(Object o, long offset, short x);
/** @seegetInt(Object, long) */
public native char getChar(Object o, long offset);
/** @seeputInt(Object, int, int) */
public native void putChar(Object o, long offset, char x);
/** @seegetInt(Object, long) */
public native long getLong(Object o, long offset);
/** @seeputInt(Object, int, int) */
public native void putLong(Object o, long offset, long x);
/** @seegetInt(Object, long) */
public native float getFloat(Object o, long offset);
/** @seeputInt(Object, int, int) */
public native void putFloat(Object o, long offset, float x);
/** @seegetInt(Object, long) */
public native double getDouble(Object o, long offset);
/** @seeputInt(Object, int, int) */
public native void putDouble(Object o, long offset, double x);
/**
* This method, like all others with 32-bit offsets, was native
* in a previous release but is now a wrapper which simply casts
* the offset to a long value. It provides backward compatibility
* with bytecodes compiled against 1.4.
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public int getInt(Object o, int offset) {
return getInt(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putInt(Object o, int offset, int x) {
putInt(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public Object getObject(Object o, int offset) {
return getObject(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putObject(Object o, int offset, Object x) {
putObject(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public boolean getBoolean(Object o, int offset) {
return getBoolean(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putBoolean(Object o, int offset, boolean x) {
putBoolean(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public byte getByte(Object o, int offset) {
return getByte(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putByte(Object o, int offset, byte x) {
putByte(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public short getShort(Object o, int offset) {
return getShort(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putShort(Object o, int offset, short x) {
putShort(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public char getChar(Object o, int offset) {
return getChar(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putChar(Object o, int offset, char x) {
putChar(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public long getLong(Object o, int offset) {
return getLong(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putLong(Object o, int offset, long x) {
putLong(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public float getFloat(Object o, int offset) {
return getFloat(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putFloat(Object o, int offset, float x) {
putFloat(o, (long)offset, x);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public double getDouble(Object o, int offset) {
return getDouble(o, (long)offset);
}
/**
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
* See {@linkstaticFieldOffset}.
*/
@Deprecated
public void putDouble(Object o, int offset, double x) {
putDouble(o, (long)offset, x);
}
// These work on values in the C heap.
/**
* Fetches a value from a given memory address. If the address is zero, or
* does not point into a block obtained from {@linkallocateMemory}, the
* results are undefined.
*
* @seeallocateMemory
*/
public native byte getByte(long address);
/**
* Stores a value into a given memory address. If the address is zero, or
* does not point into a block obtained from {@linkallocateMemory}, the
* results are undefined.
*
* @seegetByte(long)
*/
public native void putByte(long address, byte x);
/** @seegetByte(long) */
public native short getShort(long address);
/** @seeputByte(long, byte) */
public native void putShort(long address, short x);
/** @seegetByte(long) */
public native char getChar(long address);
/** @seeputByte(long, byte) */
public native void putChar(long address, char x);
/** @seegetByte(long) */
public native int getInt(long address);
/** @seeputByte(long, byte) */
public native void putInt(long address, int x);
/** @seegetByte(long) */
public native long getLong(long address);
/** @seeputByte(long, byte) */
public native void putLong(long address, long x);
/** @seegetByte(long) */
public native float getFloat(long address);
/** @seeputByte(long, byte) */
public native void putFloat(long address, float x);
/** @seegetByte(long) */
public native double getDouble(long address);
/** @seeputByte(long, byte) */
public native void putDouble(long address, double x);
/**
* Fetches a native pointer from a given memory address. If the address is
* zero, or does not point into a block obtained from {@link
*allocateMemory}, the results are undefined.
*
* <p> If the native pointer is less than 64 bits wide, it is extended as
* an unsigned number to a Java long. The pointer may be indexed by any
* given byte offset, simply by adding that offset (as a simple integer) to
* the long representing the pointer. The number of bytes actually read
* from the target address maybe determined by consulting {@link
*addressSize}.
*
* @seeallocateMemory
*/
public native long getAddress(long address);
/**
* Stores a native pointer into a given memory address. If the address is
* zero, or does not point into a block obtained from {@link
*allocateMemory}, the results are undefined.
*
* <p> The number of bytes actually written at the target address maybe
* determined by consulting {@linkaddressSize}.
*
* @seegetAddress(long)
*/
public native void putAddress(long address, long x);
/// wrappers for malloc, realloc, free:
/**
* Allocates a new block of native memory, of the given size in bytes. The
* contents of the memory are uninitialized; they will generally be
* garbage. The resulting native pointer will never be zero, and will be
* aligned for all value types. Dispose of this memory by calling {@link
*freeMemory}, or resize it with {@linkreallocateMemory}.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the size is negative or too large
* for the native size_t type
*
* @throws OutOfMemoryError if the allocation is refused by the system
*
* @seegetByte(long)
* @seeputByte(long, byte)
*/
public native long allocateMemory(long bytes);
/**
* Resizes a new block of native memory, to the given size in bytes. The
* contents of the new block past the size of the old block are
* uninitialized; they will generally be garbage. The resulting native
* pointer will be zero if and only if the requested size is zero. The
* resulting native pointer will be aligned for all value types. Dispose
* of this memory by calling {@linkfreeMemory}, or resize it with {@link
*reallocateMemory}. The address passed to this method may be null, in
* which case an allocation will be performed.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the size is negative or too large
* for the native size_t type
*
* @throws OutOfMemoryError if the allocation is refused by the system
*
* @seeallocateMemory
*/
public native long reallocateMemory(long address, long bytes);
/**
* Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a fixed value
* (usually zero).
*
* <p>This method determines a block's base address by means of two parameters,
* and so it provides (in effect) a <em>double-register</em> addressing mode,
* as discussed in {@linkgetInt(Object,long)}. When the object reference is null,
* the offset supplies an absolute base address.
*
* <p>The stores are in coherent (atomic) units of a size determined
* by the address and length parameters. If the effective address and
* length are all even modulo 8, the stores take place in 'long' units.
* If the effective address and length are (resp.) even modulo 4 or 2,
* the stores take place in units of 'int' or 'short'.
*
* @since 1.7
*/
public native void setMemory(Object o, long offset, long bytes, byte value);
/**
* Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a fixed value
* (usually zero). This provides a <em>single-register</em> addressing mode,
* as discussed in {@linkgetInt(Object,long)}.
*
* <p>Equivalent to <code>setMemory(null, address, bytes, value)</code>.
*/
public void setMemory(long address, long bytes, byte value) {
setMemory(null, address, bytes, value);
}
/**
* Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a copy of another
* block.
*
* <p>This method determines each block's base address by means of two parameters,
* and so it provides (in effect) a <em>double-register</em> addressing mode,
* as discussed in {@linkgetInt(Object,long)}. When the object reference is null,
* the offset supplies an absolute base address.
*
* <p>The transfers are in coherent (atomic) units of a size determined
* by the address and length parameters. If the effective addresses and
* length are all even modulo 8, the transfer takes place in 'long' units.
* If the effective addresses and length are (resp.) even modulo 4 or 2,
* the transfer takes place in units of 'int' or 'short'.
*
* @since 1.7
*/
public native void copyMemory(Object srcBase, long srcOffset,
Object destBase, long destOffset,
long bytes);
/**
* Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a copy of another
* block. This provides a <em>single-register</em> addressing mode,
* as discussed in {@linkgetInt(Object,long)}.
*
* Equivalent to <code>copyMemory(null, srcAddress, null, destAddress, bytes)</code>.
*/
public void copyMemory(long srcAddress, long destAddress, long bytes) {
copyMemory(null, srcAddress, null, destAddress, bytes);
}
/**
* Disposes of a block of native memory, as obtained from {@link
*allocateMemory} or {@linkreallocateMemory}. The address passed to
* this method may be null, in which case no action is taken.
*
* @seeallocateMemory
*/
public native void freeMemory(long address);
/// random queries
/**
* This constant differs from all results that will ever be returned from
* {@linkstaticFieldOffset}, {@linkobjectFieldOffset},
* or {@linkarrayBaseOffset}.
*/
public static final int INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET = -1;
/**
* Returns the offset of a field, truncated to 32 bits.
* This method is implemented as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public int fieldOffset(Field f) {
* if (Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers()))
* return (int) staticFieldOffset(f);
* else
* return (int) objectFieldOffset(f);
* }
* </pre></blockquote>
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, use {@linkstaticFieldOffset} for static
* fields and {@linkobjectFieldOffset} for non-static fields.
*/
@Deprecated
public int fieldOffset(Field f) {
if (Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers()))
return (int) staticFieldOffset(f);
else
return (int) objectFieldOffset(f);
}
/**
* Returns the base address for accessing some static field
* in the given class. This method is implemented as follows:
* <blockquote><pre>
* public Object staticFieldBase(Class c) {
* Field[] fields = c.getDeclaredFields();
* for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
* if (Modifier.isStatic(fields[i].getModifiers())) {
* return staticFieldBase(fields[i]);
* }
* }
* return null;
* }
* </pre></blockquote>
* @deprecated As of 1.4.1, use {@linkstaticFieldBase(Field)}
* to obtain the base pertaining to a specific {@link Field}.
* This method works only for JVMs which store all statics
* for a given class in one place.
*/
@Deprecated
public Object staticFieldBase(Class<?> c) {
Field[] fields = c.getDeclaredFields();
for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
if (Modifier.isStatic(fields[i].getModifiers())) {
return staticFieldBase(fields[i]);
}
}
return null;
}
/**
* Report the location of a given field in the storage allocation of its
* class. Do not expect to perform any sort of arithmetic on this offset;
* it is just a cookie which is passed to the unsafe heap memory accessors.
*
* <p>Any given field will always have the same offset and base, and no
* two distinct fields of the same class will ever have the same offset
* and base.
*
* <p>As of 1.4.1, offsets for fields are represented as long values,
* although the Sun JVM does not use the most significant 32 bits.
* However, JVM implementations which store static fields at absolute
* addresses can use long offsets and null base pointers to express
* the field locations in a form usable by {@linkgetInt(Object,long)}.
* Therefore, code which will be ported to such JVMs on 64-bit platforms
* must preserve all bits of static field offsets.
* @seegetInt(Object, long)
*/
public native long staticFieldOffset(Field f);
/**
* Report the location of a given static field, in conjunction with {@link
*staticFieldBase}.
* <p>Do not expect to perform any sort of arithmetic on this offset;
* it is just a cookie which is passed to the unsafe heap memory accessors.
*
* <p>Any given field will always have the same offset, and no two distinct
* fields of the same class will ever have the same offset.
*
* <p>As of 1.4.1, offsets for fields are represented as long values,
* although the Sun JVM does not use the most significant 32 bits.
* It is hard to imagine a JVM technology which needs more than
* a few bits to encode an offset within a non-array object,
* However, for consistency with other methods in this class,
* this method reports its result as a long value.
* @seegetInt(Object, long)
*/
public native long objectFieldOffset(Field f);
/**
* Report the location of a given static field, in conjunction with {@link
*staticFieldOffset}.
* <p>Fetch the base "Object", if any, with which static fields of the
* given class can be accessed via methods like {@linkgetInt(Object,
* long)}. This value may be null. This value may refer to an object
* which is a "cookie", not guaranteed to be a real Object, and it should
* not be used in any way except as argument to the get and put routines in
* this class.
*/
public native Object staticFieldBase(Field f);
/**
* Detect if the given class may need to be initialized. This is often
* needed in conjunction with obtaining the static field base of a
* class.
* @return false only if a call to {@code ensureClassInitialized} would have no effect
*/
public native boolean shouldBeInitialized(Class<?> c);
/**
* Ensure the given class has been initialized. This is often
* needed in conjunction with obtaining the static field base of a
* class.
*/
public native void ensureClassInitialized(Class<?> c);
/**
* Report the offset of the first element in the storage allocation of a
* given array class. If {@linkarrayIndexScale} returns a non-zero value
* for the same class, you may use that scale factor, together with this
* base offset, to form new offsets to access elements of arrays of the
* given class.
*
* @seegetInt(Object, long)
* @seeputInt(Object, long, int)
*/
public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class<?> arrayClass);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BYTE_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(short[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_SHORT_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(short[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(char[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_CHAR_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(char[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(int[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(int[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(long[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_LONG_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(long[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(float[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_FLOAT_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(float[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(double[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_DOUBLE_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(double[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(Object[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_OBJECT_BASE_OFFSET
= theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(Object[].class);
/**
* Report the scale factor for addressing elements in the storage
* allocation of a given array class. However, arrays of "narrow" types
* will generally not work properly with accessors like {@link
*getByte(Object, int)}, so the scale factor for such classes is reported
* as zero.
*
* @seearrayBaseOffset
* @seegetInt(Object, long)
* @seeputInt(Object, long, int)
*/
public native int arrayIndexScale(Class<?> arrayClass);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(byte[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BYTE_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(byte[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(short[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_SHORT_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(short[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(char[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_CHAR_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(char[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(int[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(int[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(long[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_LONG_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(long[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(float[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_FLOAT_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(float[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(double[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_DOUBLE_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(double[].class);
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(Object[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_OBJECT_INDEX_SCALE
= theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(Object[].class);
/**
* Report the size in bytes of a native pointer, as stored via {@link
*putAddress}. This value will be either 4 or 8. Note that the sizes of
* other primitive types (as stored in native memory blocks) is determined
* fully by their information content.
*/
public native int addressSize();
/** The value of {@code addressSize()} */
public static final int ADDRESS_SIZE = theUnsafe.addressSize();
/**
* Report the size in bytes of a native memory page (whatever that is).
* This value will always be a power of two.
*/
public native int pageSize();
/// random trusted operations from JNI:
/**
* Tell the VM to define a class, without security checks. By default, the
* class loader and protection domain come from the caller's class.
*/
public native Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
ClassLoader loader,
ProtectionDomain protectionDomain);
/**
* Define a class but do not make it known to the class loader or system dictionary.
* <p>
* For each CP entry, the corresponding CP patch must either be null or have
* the a format that matches its tag:
* <ul>
* <li>Integer, Long, Float, Double: the corresponding wrapper object type from java.lang
* <li>Utf8: a string (must have suitable syntax if used as signature or name)
* <li>Class: any java.lang.Class object
* <li>String: any object (not just a java.lang.String)
* <li>InterfaceMethodRef: (NYI) a method handle to invoke on that call site's arguments
* </ul>
* @params hostClass context for linkage, access control, protection domain, and class loader
* @params data bytes of a class file
* @params cpPatches where non-null entries exist, they replace corresponding CP entries in data
*/
public native Class<?> defineAnonymousClass(Class<?> hostClass, byte[] data, Object[] cpPatches);
/** Allocate an instance but do not run any constructor.
Initializes the class if it has not yet been. */
public native Object allocateInstance(Class<?> cls)
throws InstantiationException;
/** Lock the object. It must get unlocked via {@linkmonitorExit}. */
@Deprecated
public native void monitorEnter(Object o);
/**
* Unlock the object. It must have been locked via {@link
*monitorEnter}.
*/
@Deprecated
public native void monitorExit(Object o);
/**
* Tries to lock the object. Returns true or false to indicate
* whether the lock succeeded. If it did, the object must be
* unlocked via {@linkmonitorExit}.
*/
@Deprecated
public native boolean tryMonitorEnter(Object o);
/** Throw the exception without telling the verifier. */
public native void throwException(Throwable ee);
/**
* Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
* holding <tt>expected</tt>.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
*/
public final native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object o, long offset,
Object expected,
Object x);
/**
* Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
* holding <tt>expected</tt>.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
*/
public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object o, long offset,
int expected,
int x);
/**
* Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
* holding <tt>expected</tt>.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
*/
public final native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object o, long offset,
long expected,
long x);
/**
* Fetches a reference value from a given Java variable, with volatile
* load semantics. Otherwise identical to {@linkgetObject(Object, long)}
*/
public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/**
* Stores a reference value into a given Java variable, with
* volatile store semantics. Otherwise identical to {@linkputObject(Object, long, Object)}
*/
public native void putObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset, Object x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetInt(Object, long)} */
public native int getIntVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputInt(Object, long, int)} */
public native void putIntVolatile(Object o, long offset, int x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetBoolean(Object, long)} */
public native boolean getBooleanVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputBoolean(Object, long, boolean)} */
public native void putBooleanVolatile(Object o, long offset, boolean x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetByte(Object, long)} */
public native byte getByteVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputByte(Object, long, byte)} */
public native void putByteVolatile(Object o, long offset, byte x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetShort(Object, long)} */
public native short getShortVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputShort(Object, long, short)} */
public native void putShortVolatile(Object o, long offset, short x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetChar(Object, long)} */
public native char getCharVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputChar(Object, long, char)} */
public native void putCharVolatile(Object o, long offset, char x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetLong(Object, long)} */
public native long getLongVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputLong(Object, long, long)} */
public native void putLongVolatile(Object o, long offset, long x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetFloat(Object, long)} */
public native float getFloatVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputFloat(Object, long, float)} */
public native void putFloatVolatile(Object o, long offset, float x);
/** Volatile version of {@linkgetDouble(Object, long)} */
public native double getDoubleVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/** Volatile version of {@linkputDouble(Object, long, double)} */
public native void putDoubleVolatile(Object o, long offset, double x);
/**
* Version of {@linkputObjectVolatile(Object, long, Object)}
* that does not guarantee immediate visibility of the store to
* other threads. This method is generally only useful if the
* underlying field is a Java volatile (or if an array cell, one
* that is otherwise only accessed using volatile accesses).
*/
public native void putOrderedObject(Object o, long offset, Object x);
/** Ordered/Lazy version of {@linkputIntVolatile(Object, long, int)} */
public native void putOrderedInt(Object o, long offset, int x);
/** Ordered/Lazy version of {@linkputLongVolatile(Object, long, long)} */
public native void putOrderedLong(Object o, long offset, long x);
/**
* Unblock the given thread blocked on <tt>park</tt>, or, if it is
* not blocked, cause the subsequent call to <tt>park</tt> not to
* block. Note: this operation is "unsafe" solely because the
* caller must somehow ensure that the thread has not been
* destroyed. Nothing special is usually required to ensure this
* when called from Java (in which there will ordinarily be a live
* reference to the thread) but this is not nearly-automatically
* so when calling from native code.
* @param thread the thread to unpark.
*
*/
public native void unpark(Object thread);
/**
* Block current thread, returning when a balancing
* <tt>unpark</tt> occurs, or a balancing <tt>unpark</tt> has
* already occurred, or the thread is interrupted, or, if not
* absolute and time is not zero, the given time nanoseconds have
* elapsed, or if absolute, the given deadline in milliseconds
* since Epoch has passed, or spuriously (i.e., returning for no
* "reason"). Note: This operation is in the Unsafe class only
* because <tt>unpark</tt> is, so it would be strange to place it
* elsewhere.
*/
public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time);
/**
* Gets the load average in the system run queue assigned
* to the available processors averaged over various periods of time.
* This method retrieves the given <tt>nelem</tt> samples and
* assigns to the elements of the given <tt>loadavg</tt> array.
* The system imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing
* averages over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes, respectively.
*
* @params loadavg an array of double of size nelems
* @params nelems the number of samples to be retrieved and
* must be 1 to 3.
*
* @return the number of samples actually retrieved; or -1
* if the load average is unobtainable.
*/
public native int getLoadAverage(double[] loadavg, int nelems);
// The following contain CAS-based Java implementations used on
// platforms not supporting native instructions
/**
* Atomically adds the given value to the current value of a field
* or array element within the given object <code>o</code>
* at the given <code>offset</code>.
*
* @param o object/array to update the field/element in
* @param offset field/element offset
* @param delta the value to add
* @return the previous value
* @since 1.8
*/
public final int getAndAddInt(Object o, long offset, int delta) {
int v;
do {
v = getIntVolatile(o, offset);
} while (!compareAndSwapInt(o, offset, v, v + delta));
return v;
}
/**
* Atomically adds the given value to the current value of a field
* or array element within the given object <code>o</code>
* at the given <code>offset</code>.
*
* @param o object/array to update the field/element in
* @param offset field/element offset
* @param delta the value to add
* @return the previous value
* @since 1.8
*/
public final long getAndAddLong(Object o, long offset, long delta) {
long v;
do {
v = getLongVolatile(o, offset);
} while (!compareAndSwapLong(o, offset, v, v + delta));
return v;
}
/**
* Atomically exchanges the given value with the current value of
* a field or array element within the given object <code>o</code>
* at the given <code>offset</code>.
*
* @param o object/array to update the field/element in
* @param offset field/element offset
* @param newValue new value
* @return the previous value
* @since 1.8
*/
public final int getAndSetInt(Object o, long offset, int newValue) {
int v;
do {
v = getIntVolatile(o, offset);
} while (!compareAndSwapInt(o, offset, v, newValue));
return v;
}
/**
* Atomically exchanges the given value with the current value of
* a field or array element within the given object <code>o</code>
* at the given <code>offset</code>.
*
* @param o object/array to update the field/element in
* @param offset field/element offset
* @param newValue new value
* @return the previous value
* @since 1.8
*/
public final long getAndSetLong(Object o, long offset, long newValue) {
long v;
do {
v = getLongVolatile(o, offset);
} while (!compareAndSwapLong(o, offset, v, newValue));
return v;
}
/**
* Atomically exchanges the given reference value with the current
* reference value of a field or array element within the given
* object <code>o</code> at the given <code>offset</code>.
*
* @param o object/array to update the field/element in
* @param offset field/element offset
* @param newValue new value
* @return the previous value
* @since 1.8
*/
public final Object getAndSetObject(Object o, long offset, Object newValue) {
Object v;
do {
v = getObjectVolatile(o, offset);
} while (!compareAndSwapObject(o, offset, v, newValue));
return v;
}
/**
* Ensures lack of reordering of loads before the fence
* with loads or stores after the fence.
* @since 1.8
*/
public native void loadFence();
/**
* Ensures lack of reordering of stores before the fence
* with loads or stores after the fence.
* @since 1.8
*/
public native void storeFence();
/**
* Ensures lack of reordering of loads or stores before the fence
* with loads or stores after the fence.
* @since 1.8
*/
public native void fullFence();
/**
* Throws IllegalAccessError; for use by the VM.
* @since 1.8
*/
private static void throwIllegalAccessError() {
throw new IllegalAccessError();
}
}